I-alloy enobushushu obuphezulu ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-heat strength alloy. Ngokwesakhiwo se-matrix, izixhobo zingahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: i-iron-based nickel-based kunye ne-chromium-based. Ngokwendlela yokuvelisa, ingahlulwa ibe yi-deformed superalloy kunye ne-cast superalloy.
Yinto eluhlaza efunekayo kwicandelo leenqwelo-moya. Yinto ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lobushushu obuphezulu leenjini zokuvelisa inqwelo-moya kunye neenqwelo-moya. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni igumbi lokutsha, i-turbine blade, i-guide blade, i-compressor kunye ne-turbine disk, i-turbine case kunye nezinye iindawo. Uluhlu lobushushu benkonzo yi-600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Uxinzelelo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ziyahluka ngokweendawo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Kukho iimfuno ezingqongqo zeempawu zoomatshini, zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ze-alloy. Yinto ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni, ukuthembeka kunye nobomi benjini. Ke ngoko, i-superalloy yenye yeeprojekthi eziphambili zophando kwicandelo leenqwelo-moya kunye nokhuselo lwesizwe kumazwe aphuhlileyo.
Ezona zicelo ziphambili zee-superalloys zezi:
1. I-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu kwigumbi lokutsha
Igumbi lokutsha (elaziwa ngokuba yi-flame tube) lenjini ye-aviation turbine yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezisebenzisa ubushushu obuphezulu. Ekubeni i-atomization yamafutha, ukuxuba ioyile negesi kunye nezinye iinkqubo zenziwa kwigumbi lokutsha, ubushushu obuphezulu kwigumbi lokutsha bunokufikelela kwi-1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, kwaye ubushushu bodonga kwigumbi lokutsha bunokufikelela kwi-1100 ℃. Kwangaxeshanye, ikwathwala uxinzelelo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwegesi. Uninzi lweenjini ezine-thrust/weight ratio ephezulu zisebenzisa amagumbi okutsha ajikelezayo, anobude obufutshane kunye nomthamo wobushushu ophezulu. Ubushushu obuphezulu kwigumbi lokutsha bufikelela kwi-2000 ℃, kwaye ubushushu bodonga bufikelela kwi-1150 ℃ emva kwefilimu yegesi okanye ukupholisa ngomphunga. Ii-gradients ezinkulu zobushushu phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ziya kuvelisa uxinzelelo lobushushu, oluya kunyuka kwaye luwe ngokukhawuleza xa imeko yokusebenza itshintsha. Izinto ziya kuba phantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu kunye nomthwalo wokudinwa kobushushu, kwaye kuya kubakho ukuphambuka, ukuqhekeka kunye nezinye iimpazamo. Ngokubanzi, igumbi lokutsha lenziwe nge-alloy yeshiti, kwaye iimfuno zobugcisa zishwankathelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo ngokweemeko zenkonzo yeendawo ezithile: linokumelana okuthile kwe-oxidation kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwegesi phantsi kweemeko zokusebenzisa i-alloy kunye negesi enobushushu obuphezulu; Linamandla athile akhawulezileyo kunye nokunyamezela, ukusebenza kokudinwa kobushushu kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa; Linobunkunkqele obaneleyo kunye nokukwazi ukuwelda ukuqinisekisa ukucutshungulwa, ukwakheka kunye nokunxibelelana; Linozinzo oluhle lombutho phantsi komjikelo wobushushu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo ngaphakathi kobomi benkonzo.
a. I-MA956 alloy laminate enemingxuma
Kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-laminate enemibhobho yenziwe nge-HS-188 alloy sheet ngokudibaniswa emva kokuba ifotwe, ikrolwe, ibekwe imiqolo kwaye ibhotshwe. Umaleko wangaphakathi ungenziwa ube ngumjelo wokupholisa ofanelekileyo ngokweemfuno zoyilo. Olu pholiso lwesakhiwo lufuna kuphela i-30% yegesi yokupholisa yefilimu yendabuko, enokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle komjikelo wobushushu benjini, inciphise amandla okuthwala ubushushu bezinto zegumbi lokutsha, inciphise ubunzima, kwaye yonyuse umlinganiselo wokutyhala-ubunzima. Okwangoku, kusafuneka ukuba kugqithwe kwitekhnoloji ephambili ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe ngokusebenzayo. I-laminate enemibhobho eyenziwe nge-MA956 sisizukulwana esitsha sezinto zegumbi lokutsha ezivezwe yi-United States, ezinokusetyenziswa kwi-1300 ℃.
b. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo zeseramikhi kwigumbi lokutsha
I-United States iqalile ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukusebenzisa iiceramics kwiiturbines zegesi ukusukela ngo-1971. Ngo-1983, amanye amaqela abandakanyeka kuphuhliso lwezinto eziphambili e-United States aqulunqe uthotho lwezalathisi zokusebenza zeeturbines zegesi ezisetyenziswa kwiinqwelomoya eziphambili. Ezi zalathisi zezi: ukwandisa ubushushu bokungena kweturbine ukuya kwi-2200 ℃; Ukusebenza phantsi kwemeko yokutsha yokubala iikhemikhali; Ukunciphisa uxinano olusetyenziswa kwezi ndawo ukusuka kwi-8g/cm3 ukuya kwi-5g/cm3; Rhoxisa ukupholisa izinto. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nezi mfuno, izinto ezifundwayo ziquka i-graphite, i-metal matrix, ii-ceramic matrix composites kunye nee-intermetallic compounds ukongeza kwii-single-phase ceramics. Ii-ceramic matrix composites (CMC) zinezibonelelo ezilandelayo:
I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwezinto ze-ceramic incinci kakhulu kune-alloy esekelwe kwi-nickel, kwaye i-coating kulula ukuyisusa. Ukwenza ii-ceramic composites nge-metal felt ephakathi kunokoyisa isiphene sokuqhekeka, okuyiyo indlela yophuhliso lwezinto zegumbi lokutsha. Ezi zinto zingasetyenziswa nomoya opholileyo we-10% - 20%, kwaye ubushushu be-insulation yesinyithi bumalunga ne-800 ℃ kuphela, kwaye ubushushu obuthwala ubushushu buphantsi kakhulu kune-divergent cooling kunye ne-film cooling. I-Cast superalloy B1900+ceramic coating protective tile isetyenziswa kwi-V2500 engine, kwaye indlela yophuhliso kukutshintsha i-B1900 (nge-ceramic coating) tile nge-SiC-based composite okanye i-anti-oxidation C/C composite. I-ceramic matrix composite zizinto zophuhliso zegumbi lokutsha le-injini enomlinganiselo wobunzima be-thrust we-15-20, kwaye ubushushu bayo benkonzo yi-1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Isetyenziselwa ityhubhu yelangabi, udonga oludadayo kunye ne-afterburner.
2. I-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu ye-turbine
I-Aero-engine turbine blade yenye yezinto ezithwala umthwalo wobushushu onzima kakhulu kunye nendawo yokusebenza embi kakhulu kwi-aero-engine. Kufuneka ithwale uxinzelelo olukhulu kakhulu nolunzima phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu, ngoko ke iimfuno zayo zezinto zingqongqo kakhulu. Ii-superalloys zee-aero-engine turbine blades zahlulwe ngolu hlobo:
a. I-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu yesikhokelo
I-deflector yenye yezona ndawo zenjini ye-turbine ezichaphazeleka kakhulu bubushushu. Xa kutsha ngokungalinganiyo kwigumbi lokutsha, umthwalo wokufudumeza we-guide vane yesigaba sokuqala mkhulu, nto leyo esona sizathu siphambili somonakalo we-guide vane. Ubushushu bayo benkonzo buphezulu malunga ne-100 ℃ kunobo be-turbine blade. Umahluko kukuba iindawo ezimileyo azithwali umthwalo woomatshini. Ngokwesiqhelo, kulula ukubangela uxinzelelo lobushushu, ukujikajika, ukuqhekeka kokudinwa kobushushu kunye nokutsha kwendawo okubangelwa kukutshintsha kobushushu ngokukhawuleza. I-guide vane alloy kufuneka ibe nezi mpawu zilandelayo: amandla aneleyo obushushu obuphezulu, ukusebenza okungapheliyo kokuqhekeka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokudinwa kobushushu, ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-oxidation kunye nokusebenza kokugqwala kobushushu, uxinzelelo lobushushu kunye nokungcangcazela, amandla okugoba okuguqukayo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokubumba inkqubo yokubumba kunye nokuwelda, kunye nokusebenza kokukhusela i-coating.
Okwangoku, uninzi lweenjini eziphambili ezine-high thrust/weight ratio zisebenzisa ii-hollow cast blades, kwaye kukhethwa ii-superalloys ezisekwe kwicala kunye ne-single crystal nickel-based. Injini ene-high thrust-weight ratio inobushushu obuphezulu be-1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ kwaye kufuneka ikhuselwe yi-thermal insulation coating. Ubushushu benkonzo ye-blade alloy phantsi kweemeko zokupholisa kunye nokukhusela i-coating bungaphezulu kwe-1100 ℃, nto leyo ebeka phambili iimfuno ezintsha neziphezulu zexabiso lobushushu bezinto ze-guide blade kwixesha elizayo.
b. Ii-Superalloys zeeblade ze-turbine
Iiblade zeturbine zezona ndawo ziphambili ezijikelezayo ezithwala ubushushu kwiinjini ze-aero. Ubushushu bazo bokusebenza buphantsi ngama-50 ℃ - 100 ℃ kuneeblade zesikhokelo. Zinoxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-centrifugal, uxinzelelo lokungcangcazela, uxinzelelo lobushushu, ukucolwa komoya kunye nezinye iziphumo xa zijikeleza, kwaye iimeko zokusebenza zimbi. Ubomi benkonzo yezinto ezishushu zenjini ezinomlinganiselo ophezulu wokutyhala/wobunzima bungaphezulu kwama-2000h. Ke ngoko, i-alloy ye-turbine blade kufuneka ibe nokumelana okuphezulu kokuqhekeka kunye namandla okuqhekeka kubushushu benkonzo, iipropati ezilungileyo zobushushu obuphezulu nobuphakathi, njengokudinwa okuphezulu nokuphantsi komjikelo, ukudinwa okubandayo nokushushu, i-plasticity eyaneleyo kunye nokuqina kwempembelelo, kunye novakalelo lwe-notch; Ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-oxidation kunye nokumelana nokugqwala; Ukuqhuba kakuhle kobushushu kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa komgca; Ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokusika; Uzinzo lwesakhiwo sexesha elide, akukho mvula yesigaba se-TCP kubushushu benkonzo. I-alloy esetyenzisiweyo idlula kwizigaba ezine; Usetyenziso lwe-alloy oluguquliweyo luquka i-GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, njl. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-casting alloy kuquka i-K403, K417, K418, K405, igolide eqinileyo eqondiswe kwicala i-DZ4, DZ22, i-single crystal alloy DD3, DD8, PW1484, njl. Okwangoku, iphuhliselwe kwisizukulwana sesithathu se-single crystal alloys. I-single crystal alloy yaseTshayina i-DD3 kunye ne-DD8 zisetyenziswa ngokulandelelana kwiiturbine zaseTshayina, kwiinjini ze-turbofan, kwiihelikopta nakwiinjini zenqanawa.
3. I-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu yediski ye-turbine
Idiski yeturbine yeyona nxalenye ijikelezisayo exineneyo yenjini yeturbine. Ubushushu obusebenzayo beflengi yevili yenjini enomlinganiselo wobunzima bokutyhala obuyi-8 kunye ne-10 bufikelela kwi-650 ℃ kunye ne-750 ℃, kwaye ubushushu beziko levili bumalunga ne-300 ℃, kunye nomahluko omkhulu wobushushu. Ngexesha lokujikeleza okuqhelekileyo, iqhuba iblade ukuba ijikeleze ngesantya esiphezulu kwaye ithwala amandla aphezulu e-centrifugal, uxinzelelo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo lokungcangcazela. Ukuqala ngakunye kunye nokuma kujikelezo, iziko levili. Umphimbo, umngxuma osezantsi kunye nomphetho zonke zithwala uxinzelelo olwahlukeneyo oludibeneyo. I-alloy iyadingeka ukuze ibe namandla aphezulu okuvelisa, ukuqina kwempembelelo kunye nokungabi nobunzima benotshi kubushushu benkonzo; I-coefficient yokwandiswa komgca ophantsi; Ukumelana okuthile kwe-oxidation kunye nokugqwala; Ukusebenza okuhle kokusika.
4. I-superalloy yeenqwelo-moya
I-superalloy kwi-injini yerokhethi engamanzi isetyenziswa njengephaneli ye-fuel injector yegumbi lokutsha kwigumbi lokutsha; i-Turbine pump elbow, i-flange, i-graphite rudder fastener, njl. I-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu kwi-injini yerokhethi engamanzi isetyenziswa njengephaneli ye-fuel chamber injector kwigumbi lokutsha; i-Turbine pump elbow, i-flange, i-graphite rudder fastener, njl. I-GH4169 isetyenziswa njengezinto ze-turbine rotor, i-shaft, i-shaft sleeve, i-fastener kunye nezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo zokuthwala.
Izinto ze-turbine rotor ze-American liquid rocket engine ziquka ikakhulu i-intake pipe, i-turbine blade kunye ne-disk. I-GH1131 alloy isetyenziswa kakhulu eTshayina, kwaye i-turbine blade ixhomekeke kubushushu bokusebenza. I-Inconel x, i-Alloy713c, i-Astroloy kunye ne-Mar-M246 kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokulandelelana; Izinto zediski yamavili ziquka i-Inconel 718, i-Waspaloy, njl. Ii-integral turbines ze-GH4169 kunye ne-GH4141 zisetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye i-GH2038A isetyenziselwa i-injini shaft.